What is RPA? Explaining Routine Task Automation and Implementation Steps for the IT Passport Exam

What is RPA?

RPA (Robotic Process Automation) is a technology that automates routine tasks on a computer using software robots. Over the past five years (2021–2025), six questions have appeared on the IT Passport exam, making it a frequently tested area. Specific examples include data entry, transferring data from Excel to core systems, and sending standardized emails.

Tasks That Can Be Automated with RPA

Tasks that can be automated with RPA are rule-based, routine operations. It is well-suited for large-volume, repetitive work that takes time when done manually. Examples include entering invoice data into systems, aggregating attendance records, and collecting information from the web.

The Three Classes of RPA

EPA (Enhanced Process Automation) is a class that combines with AI to handle non-routine tasks. CA (Cognitive Automation) aims for business transformation through autonomous decision-making. On the IT Passport exam, Class 1 (RPA) is the primary focus.

Benefits of Implementing RPA

The greatest benefit is the reduction of work hours, achieving processing speeds tens to hundreds of times faster than manual work. Since robots execute tasks mechanically and accurately, errors are reduced, contributing to lower labor costs and overtime. Additionally, because processing can run at night or on holidays, 24-hour operation is possible.

Disadvantages and Cautions

On the other hand, if business procedures change, the robots must be reconfigured. Issues such as "rogue robot problems"—where unmanaged robots proliferate—and the risk of dependency on specific developers who are the only ones who can make modifications cannot be ignored. It is important to understand that RPA only targets routine tasks and has limitations when it comes to fundamental business improvement.

Representative RPA Tools

Representative RPA tools include UiPath (USA), NTT Data's WinActor, RPA Technologies' BizRobo!, and Microsoft Power Automate.

Advanced Forms of RPA

Advanced forms of RPA include iPaaS (Integration PaaS), which automates API integrations, and AI-OCR, which reads handwritten forms with OCR and processes them with RPA. RPA is positioned as an entry point for DX promotion (see What is DX).

Key Points for the IT Passport Exam

On the IT Passport exam, the definition of RPA (automation of routine tasks) is frequently asked. You also need to understand the three classes, especially the difference between RPA and EPA. The benefits and disadvantages of implementation, as well as distinguishing between suitable and unsuitable tasks, are also key points.

Typical Past Exam Question Patterns

• "Which of the following tasks is suitable for automation with RPA?" type
• "What is the next-generation RPA that combines with AI?" type → EPA

Related Terms

• AI and Machine Learning (Basics of AI and Machine Learning)
• No-Code and Low-Code (No-Code and Low-Code Development)
• DX (What is DX)
• BPM (BPR and BPM)

Study Tips

As a study tip, remember RPA in one line: "a robot that automates routine tasks." Understand the three classes as a progression: routine → AI integration → autonomous decision-making. Also important is that "whether the task can be rule-based" is the criterion for applying RPA.

Summary

If you master the definition of RPA, its three classes, and the benefits and disadvantages, you can reliably score points on related questions. For comprehensive practice in the Technology domain, use the Technology Summary, and for a full-length simulation, use the Practice Exam.